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1.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 82(1): 35-46, feb. 2022. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1365126

ABSTRACT

Resumen Durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 hubo un marcado requerimiento de camas de cuidados críticos, insumos y profesionales entrenados para asistir a pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria grave. La Sociedad Argentina de Terapia Intensiva (SATI) diseñó un estudio para caracterizar estos aspectos en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCIs). Estudio multicéntrico, de cohorte prospectiva; las UCIs participantes completaron un formulario al final del estudio (31/10/2020) sobre características hospitalarias, número de camas de áreas críticas pre- e intra-pandemia, incorporación de profesionales, insumos y recursos tecnológicos, y carga de trabajo. Participaron 58 UCIs; 28(48%) de Provincia de Buenos Aires, 22(38%) de Ciudad Autónoma de Bue nos Aires, 10(17%) de otras; 31(53%) UCIs pertenecían al sector público; 23(47%) al privado-seguridad social. En 35/58(60%) hospitales las camas de cuidados críticos aumentaron de 902 a 1575(75%); 37% en UCI y 63% principalmente en Unidad Coronaria y Emergencias-shock room. En 41/55(75%) UCIs se incorporó personal: 27(49%) médicos/as (70% intensivistas), 36(65%) enfermeros/as, 28(51%) kinesiólogos/as, 20(36%) personal de limpieza, y 1(2%) otros/as; 96% de las UCIS reportaron disponer de respiradores suficientes, y 95%, insumos y EPP suficientes. De todos los pacientes en ventilación mecánica invasiva, 55% [43-64] presentaron COVID-19. Se requirió oxigenoterapia como soporte no invasivo en 14% [8-24] de los ingresos por COVID-19. Se registró una importante expansión de las áreas críticas operativas, secundariamente al aumento de camas, personal, y adecuada disponibilidad de respiradores e insumos esenciales. La carga de la enfermedad crítica por COVID-19 fue intensa, constituyendo más de la mitad de los pacientes en ventilación mecánica.


Abstract During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there was a marked requirement for critical care beds, supplies and trained professionals to assist patients with severe respiratory failure. The Argentine Society of Intensive Care (SATI) designed a study to characterize these aspects in intensive care units (ICUs). Multicenter, prospective cohort study; the participating ICUs completed a form at the end of the study (31/10/2020) on hospital characteristics, number of beds in pre- and intra-pandemic critical areas, incorporation of professionals, technological resources, and workload. Fifty-eight ICUs participated; 28(48%) were located in Buenos Aires Province, 22(38%) in Buenos Aires Autonomous City and 10 (17%) in other provinces; 31 (53%) of UCIs belonged to the public sector; 23 (47%) to the private-social security. In 35/58 (60%) of the hospitals critical care beds increased from 902 to 1575 (75%), 37% in ICU and 63% mainly in Coronary Care Unit and Emergency-shock room. In 41/55 (75%) UCIs, staff were incorporated: 27(49%) physicians (70% intensivists), 36 (65%) nurses, 28 (51%) respiratory therapists, 20(36%) cleaning staff, and 1(2%) others. A 96% of the ICUS reported having sufficient ventilators and 95% enough sup plies and PPE. Of all patients on invasive mechanical ventilation, 55% [43-64] had COVID-19. Oxygen therapy was required as noninvasive support in 14% [8-24] of COVID-19 admissions. There was a significant expansion of critical operational areas, secondary to the increase in beds, staff, and adequate availability of ventilators and essential supplies. The burden of critical illness from COVID-19 was intense, with more than half of patients on mechanical ventilation.

2.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 81(3): 454-457, jun. 2021. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1346484

ABSTRACT

Resumen La flegmasia cerulea dolens es una complicación rara y poco frecuente de la trombosis venos a profunda. Los principales factores predisponentes son los procesos neoformativos, estados de hiper coagulabilidad, insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva, embarazo, inmovilización prolongada y cirugías. Se caracteriza por edema masivo, dolor intenso y cianosis. Sin tratamiento evoluciona con isquemia, necrosis y amputación del miembro comprometido. No existe consenso en su tratamiento, pero éste debe ser rápido, multidisciplinario y agresivo. La anticoagulación con heparina, la fibrinólisis sistémica, la trombectomía percutánea con fibrinólisis local, la trombectomía quirúrgica, la fasciotomía, la colocación de filtro de vena cava inferior y la amputación son algunos de los tratamientos propuestos.


Abstract Phlegmasia cerulea dolens (FCD) is a rare complication of deep vein thrombosis. Its cause is unknown. The main predisposing factors for the disease are neoformative processes, hypercoagulable states, congestive heart failure, pregnancy, prolonged immobilization, and surgeries on the affected limb. FCD is characterized by massive edema, severe pain, and cyanosis. The diagnosis is clinical. It is associated in most cases with pulmonary embolism and can lead to loss of the compromised limb if not treated in time. So far there is no consensus on its treatment. In clinical practice the use of anticoagulation with heparin, local thrombolysis, systemic fibrinolysis, surgical thrombectomy, fasciotomy, and inferior vena cava filter are described. In irreversible cases amputation is required. We present the case of a patient with FCD, the treatment performed and the evolution.


Subject(s)
Humans , Thrombophlebitis/drug therapy , Thrombophlebitis/diagnostic imaging , Venous Thrombosis/drug therapy , Venous Thrombosis/diagnostic imaging , Heparin , Thrombectomy , Fibrinolysis
3.
Rev. colomb. anestesiol ; 48(3): 111-117, July-Sept. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1126292

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) and balanced anesthesia (BA) are the most commonly used anesthetic techniques. The differences are the variability of the depth of anesthesia between these techniques that might predict which one is safer for patients and presents a lower risk of intraoperative awakening. Objective: To determine whether a difference exists in the variability of depth of anesthesia obtained by response entropy (RE). Methods: A crossover clinical trial was conducted on 20 healthy patients receiving upper or lower limb ambulatory orthopedic surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to (a) target-controlled infusion of propofol using the Schnider model at a target concentration of 2.5 µg/mL for 15 minutes and a 10-minute washout, followed by sevoflurane administration at 0.8 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) for the reminder of the surgery, or (b) the reverse sequence. Differences in the variability of the depth of anesthesia using RE were evaluated using paired t-test. Results: The treatment effect showed no significant difference in the average values of RE, during TIVA = 97.23 vs BA 97.04 (P = 0.39). Carry Over (-4.98 vs 4.08) and Period (100.3 vs 94.68) effects were not significantly different. Conclusion: The present study suggests that both anesthetic techniques are equivalent in terms of the stability of the depth of anesthesia. It is important to keep testing the determinants of the efficacy of different populations because the individual behaviors of patients might ultimately tip the scale.


Resumen Introducción: La anestesia total intravenosa (TIVA, por sus siglas en inglés) y la anestesia balanceada (AB) son las técnicas anestésicas más comúnmente utilizadas. La diferencia está en la variabilidad de la profundidad de la anestesia entre estas dos técnicas, lo cual pudiera predecir cuál es más segura para los pacientes y representar un menor riesgo de despertar intraoperatorio. Objetivo: Determinar si existe alguna diferencia en la variabilidad de la profundidad de la anestesia obtenida según los índices de entropía de respuesta (ER). Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio clínico cruzado en 20 pacientes sanos que se sometieron a cirugía ortopédica ambulatoria de miembros superiores o inferiores. Los pacientes se asignaron aleatoriamente así: a) infusión controlada por objetivo (TCI, por sus siglas en inglés) de propofol, utilizando el modelo Schnider a una concentración objetivo de 2,5 µg/mL durante 15 min y un período de lavado de 10 minutos, seguido de la administración de sevoflurano a 0,8 de concentración alveolar mínima (CAM) durante el tiempo restante de la cirugía; o b) la secuencia inversa. Las diferencias en la variabilidad de la profundidad de la anestesia utilizando entropía de respuesta se evaluaron utilizando la prueba t pareada. Resultados: El efecto del tratamiento no mostró ninguna diferencia significativa en los valores promedio de entropía de respuesta (ER) durante TIVA = 97,23 vs. AB 97,04 (P = 0,39). Los efectos de arrastre (-4,98 vs. 4,08) y período (100,3 vs. 94,68) no fueron significativamente diferentes. Conclusiones: El presente estudio sugiere que ambas técnicas anestésicas son equivalentes en términos de estabilidad de la profundidad de la anestesia. Es importante continuar probando los factores determinantes de eficacia en las distintas poblaciones, ya que el comportamiento individual de cada paciente pudiera finalmente inclinar la balanza.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Entropy , Intraoperative Awareness , Balanced Anesthesia , Anesthesia, Intravenous , Propofol , Epidemiologic Methods , Sevoflurane
4.
Rev. colomb. anestesiol ; 48(3): 126-137, July-Sept. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1126294

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: Massive bleeding in civilian trauma patients leads to dilutional coagulopathy. Transfusion with high plasma:red blood cell (RBC) ratio has been effective in reducing mortality in war trauma patients. However, in civilian trauma the evidence is controversial. Objective: To assess the impact on mortality of high vs low plasma:RBC ratio transfusion, in civilian trauma patients with massive bleeding. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis, including observational studies and clinical trials, was conducted. Data bases were systemically searched for relevant studies between January 2007 and June 2019. The main outcome was early (24-hours) and late (30-day) mortality. Fixed and random effects models were used. Results: Out of 1295 studies identified, 33 were selected: 2 clinical trials and 31 observational studies. The analysis of observational trials showed both decreased early mortality (odds ratio [OR] 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-0.75) and late mortality (OR 0.79; 95% CI, 0.71-0.87) with the use of high plasma:RBC ratio transfusion, but there were no differences when clinical trials were evaluated (OR 0.89; 95% CI, 0.64-1.26). The exclusion of patients who died within the first 24 hours was a source of heterogeneity. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) altered the association between high plasma:RBC ratio and mortality, with a reduced protective effect when the ISS was high. Conclusion: The use of high vs low plasma: RBC ratio transfusion, in patients with massive bleeding due to civil trauma, has a protective effect on early and late mortality in observational studies. The exclusion of patients who died within the first 24 hours was a source of heterogeneity.


Resumen Introducción: El sangrado masivo en los pacientes con trauma civil propicia el desarrollo de coagulopatía dilucional. La transfusión de plasma y glóbulos rojos con una relación alta ha sido efectiva para disminuir la mortalidad en pacientes con trauma de guerra; sin embargo, su evidencia en trauma civil es controversial. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto sobre la mortalidad de la transfusión de plasma: glóbulos rojos con relación alta (TPGR-RA) versus baja, en pacientes con sangrado masivo por trauma civil. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de estudios observacionales y experimentos clínicos publicados en el periodo de enero de 2007 a junio de 2019. El desenlace principal fue mortalidad temprana (24 horas) y tardía (30 días), utilizando el modelo de efectos fijos y aleatorios. Resultados: De 1.295 estudios identificados se incluyeron 33: dos experimentos clínicos y 31 estudios observacionales. El uso de TPGR-RA mostró una disminución de la mortalidad temprana (OR 0,67; IC 95 %, 0,60-0,75) y tardía (OR 0,79; IC 95 %, 0,71-0,87) cuando se analizaron los estudios observacionales, pero no hubo diferencias cuando se evaluaron los experimentos clínicos (OR 0,89; IC 95 %, 0,64-1,26). La exclusión de pacientes que fallecieron en las primeras 24 horas fue una fuente de heterogeneidad. La gravedad del trauma, ISS (por las iniciales en inglés de injury severity score)modificó la asociación entre la TPGR-RA y mortalidad, siendo menor el efecto protector cuando el ISS era alto. Conclusiones: El uso de TPGR-RA en pacientes con trauma civil y transfusión masiva (TM) tiene efecto protector sobre la mortalidad en los estudios observacionales. La exclusión de pacientes fallecidos en las primeras 24 horas fue causa de heterogeneidad.


Subject(s)
Humans , Plasma , Blood Component Transfusion , Meta-Analysis , Erythrocytes , War Wounded , Hemorrhage
5.
Braz. oral res. (Online) ; 33: e036, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1001607

ABSTRACT

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of gingivitis and calculus and their predictors in a population of adults in Brazil. A representative sample of 758 adults from 35 to 59 years of age from Porto Alegre city was examined. A structured questionnaire was applied. The Gingival Bleeding Index and the presence of calculus were measured at 4 sites/tooth. Multivariable logistic models were fitted to determine the predictors for gingival bleeding at >20% of sites. Overall, 96.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]=95.1-98.0) of individuals had ≥ 1 bleeding site. The mean percentages of sites with gingivitis and calculus were 26.1% and 44.6%, respectively. The odds of gingivitis decreased by ∼45% for individuals ≥40 years old compared to younger adults. Individuals that never performed interproximal cleaning and non-whites had an approximately two times higher chance of gingivitis. Smokers had lower chances of gingivitis than never-smokers (odds ratio=0.40; 95% CI=0.24-0.68). Higher numbers of missing teeth were associated with higher chances of gingivitis. The percentage of calculus was significantly associated with skin color, education, proximal cleaning, smoking exposure, dental visits, and tooth loss. It can be concluded that the occurrence of gingivitis and calculus was high in this Brazilian population, and it was associated with age, skin color, education, self-reported proximal cleaning, smoking, dental care, and tooth loss.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Dental Calculus/etiology , Dental Calculus/epidemiology , Gingivitis/etiology , Gingivitis/epidemiology , Socioeconomic Factors , Toothbrushing/statistics & numerical data , Brazil/epidemiology , Smoking/adverse effects , Smoking/epidemiology , Linear Models , Periodontal Index , Gingival Hemorrhage/epidemiology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Sex Distribution , Age Distribution , Middle Aged
6.
Rev. colomb. anestesiol ; 46(4): 279-285, 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-978208

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: Quality assessment of anesthetic recovery requires patient-centered measurements such as satisfaction. In Colombia, a validated Quality of Recovery Scale (QRS), which includes the perspective of the user, was applied in the Post-anaesthetic Care Unit of Hospital Universitario de la Samaritana (HUS) in the city of Bogotá. Objectives: To determine patient satisfaction with postoperative care for 11 specialties at HUS as a quality indicator of postanesthetic recovery, and to assess the internal consistencyor validity of the QRS applied in a high-complexity hospital. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study which included patients of the HUS postanesthetic care unit. A population size of 379 patients was estimated, with a final sample of 154. Following the application of the QRS, bivariate analyses were performed using control variables and clinical characteristics. In addition, internal consistency was analyzed using Chronbach's Alpha and Spearman's Rho. Results: Overall, 154 patients were analyzed, 48.7% females and 51.3% males. Median age was 52 years (interquartile range: 35-64); 91.56% belong to the subsidized health insurance regime, and 8.44% to the contributive regime. Of the total number of patients surveyed, 7.14% are satisfied with the quality of recovery (QRS> 56). Internal consistency is high (Cronbach's Alpha=0.854) and interitem correlation is average (Rho=0.295). Conclusion: The test is highly reliable, allowing to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the postanesthetic service at HUS. This input contributes to decision-making and to the selection of strategies for improving the quality of recovery in high-complexity patients.


Resumen Introducción: La evaluación de la calidad en la recuperación requiere mediciones centradas en el paciente como la satisfacción. En Colombia, se validó la escala CdR que incluye la perspectiva del usuario, el cual fue aplicado en la Unidad de Cuidados Post-anestésicos del Hospital Universitario de la Samaritana (HUS) de la ciudad de Bogotá. Objetivos: Determinar la satisfacción de los pacientes en cuidado post-operatorio del HUS como indicador de calidad de la recuperación post-anestésica, así como, evaluar la consistencia interna y validez de la escala CdR en 11 especialidades aplicada en un hospital de alta complejidad. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal que incluyó pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Post-anestésicos del HUS. Se estimó un tamaño poblacional de 379 pacientes, con una muestra final de 154. Se aplicó la escala CdR, posteriormente, se realizaron análisis bivariados con las variables de control y las características clínicas. Adicionalmente, se analizó la consistencia interna con el Alpha de Cronbach y el rho de Spearman. Resultados: Se analizaron 154 pacientes, 48.7% son mujeres y 51.3% son hombres. La mediana de la edad fue 52 años (RIQ: 3564). 91.56% pertenecen al régimen subsidiado y 8.44% al contributivo. Del total de encuestados el 7,14% de los pacientes están satisfechos con la calidad de la recuperación (puntaje >56 de CdR). La consistencia interna es alta (Alpha de Cronbach=0,854) y una correlación inter-ítem promedio (rho = 0,295). Conclusiones: La prueba tiene una alta confiabilidad, lo que permite identificar las fortalezas y debilidades en la prestación del servicio en cuidados post-anestésicos del HUS, siendo un insumo que permite tomar decisiones y generar estrategias para mejorar la calidad en la recuperación de los pacientes de alta complejidad.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Patient Satisfaction , Patient Preference , Postoperative Care , Hospitals , Indicators and Reagents , Anesthetics
7.
Rev. am. med. respir ; 17(3): 241-249, set. 2017. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-964499

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) is a technique that allows the study of the physiology of swallowing. This technique can be applied at the patient's bedside, making it a very attractive choice for the critical care unit (CCU), since it is not necessary to transfer the patient to another place in order to carry out the evaluation. Objective: Feasibility to carry out the FEES at the patient's bedside at the CCU and assess the incidence of swallowing disorders in extubated patients. Materials and Methods: Comparative, prospective, analytical cohort study conducted 24 hours after extubation for a period of 6 months, including consecutively all the patients who received mechanical ventilation for a period ≥ 48 hours. The enrollment began in March, 2015. Results: 31 patients were included in the protocol. The incidence of swallowing disorders in extubated patients who required mechanical ventilation (MV) was 58%, 95% CI [confidence interval] (0.407-0.735) with 18 patients presenting disorders out of 31 evaluated cases. The significant differences between the groups of patients with and without swallowing disorders defined by the FEES were: the post-extubation time until the FEES, the capacity to tolerate the FEES at upright sitting position (90°) vs. semi-upright sitting position (60°), the abnormality of the Langmore scale and the abnormal movement of the vocal cords. The complication registered in both groups was the presence of oxygen saturation < 90%. Conclusion: This study shows that the implementation of the FEES as a method for detecting swallowing disorders (at the patient's bedside) is safe


Subject(s)
Deglutition Disorders , Airway Extubation
8.
Rev. bras. ter. intensiva ; 29(3): 354-363, jul.-set. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-899521

ABSTRACT

RESUMO A síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo é um desafio para o intensivista. A característica principal desta doença aguda é o dano alveolar difuso, presente em cerca de metade dos pacientes com a síndrome. É claro que o suporte respiratório à síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo tem melhorado gradualmente nas últimas décadas. É também evidente que todos estes procedimentos são benéficos, já que reduzem a lesão pulmonar e mantêm o paciente vivo. Isto deve ser interpretado como uma estratégia de ganho de tempo, até que o fator desencadeante ou de risco causal melhore, assim como a tempestade inflamatória diminua e o pulmão se cure. Por outro lado, todos - exceto dois tratamentos farmacológicos (bloqueadores neuromusculares e esteroides) - são incapazes de melhorar o desfecho da síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo. A hipótese de que os resultados farmacológicos negativos podem ser explicados pela heterogeneidade histológica da síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo tem sido apoiada pelas recentes demonstrações de que a síndrome com dano alveolar difuso tem característica clínico-patológica específica. O dano alveolar difuso é um diagnóstico patológico, e a biópsia pulmonar a céu aberto (a técnica mais comum para obtenção de tecido pulmonar) tem efeitos colaterais graves, sendo necessário que se desenvolvam biomarcadores substitutos para o dano alveolar difuso. O objetivo desta revisão é discutir três tópicos relacionados à síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo: o relacionamento entre a síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo e o dano alveolar difuso; como o dano alveolar difuso pode ser representado no quadro clínico; e como o enriquecimento pode melhorar os resultados de estudos clínicos farmacológicos realizados com pacientes com a síndrome e com dano alveolar difuso.


ABSTRACT Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a challenging entity for the intensivist. The pathological hallmark of the acute phase is diffuse alveolar damage, which is present in approximately half of living patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. It is clear that respiratory support for acute respiratory distress syndrome has gradually been improving over recent decades. However, it is also evident that these procedures are beneficial, as they reduce lung injury and keep the patient alive. This could be interpreted as a time-gaining strategy until the trigger or causal or risk factor improves, the inflammatory storm decreases and the lung heals. However, all except two pharmacological treatments (neuromuscular blockers and steroids) were unable to improve the acute respiratory distress syndrome outcome. The hypothesis that pharmacological negative results may be explained by the histological heterogeneity of acute respiratory distress syndrome has been supported by the recent demonstration that acute respiratory distress syndrome with diffuse alveolar damage constitutes a specific clinical-pathological entity. Given that diffuse alveolar damage is a pathological diagnosis and that open lung biopsy (the most common technique to obtain lung tissue) has several side effects, it is necessary to develop surrogate biomarkers for diffuse alveolar damage. The aim of this narrative review is to address the following three topics related to acute respiratory distress syndrome: (a) the relationship between acute respiratory distress syndrome and diffuse alveolar damage, (b) how diffuse alveolar damage could be surrogated in the clinical setting and (c) how enrichment in diffuse alveolar damage may improve the results of pharmacological clinical trials tried out on patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pulmonary Alveoli/pathology , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy , Intensive Care Units , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/physiopathology , Biopsy/methods , Biomarkers/metabolism , Risk Factors , Critical Care/methods
9.
Rev. am. med. respir ; 17(3): 232-240, set. 2017. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-897291

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La Fibroscópica de Trastornos Deglutorios (FEES) es una técnica que permite estudiar la fisiología de la deglución. Puede realizarse junto a la cama del paciente, haciendo esta técnica muy atractiva para realizar en Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), evitando el traslado fuera de la unidad para dicha evaluación. Objetivo: Factibilidad de realizar FEES en la cabecera de la cama en la UCI, y evaluar la incidencia de los trastornos deglutorios en pacientes extubados. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectiva, analítico y comparativo en pacientes luego de 24 hs post extubación por un periodo de 6 meses evaluación, incluyéndose todos los pacientes en forma consecutiva, que recibieron ventilación mecánica por un periodo ≥ 48 hs comenzando el reclutamiento desde marzo de 2015. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el protocolo 31 pacientes. La incidencia de los trastornos deglutorios en pacientes extubados que requirieron VM fue del 58% IC 95% (0,407-0,735) con 18 trastornos de 31 casos evaluados. Entre los pacientes con y sin trastornos deglutorios definidos por FEES, las diferencias significativas entre los grupos fueron el tiempo post extubación hasta la realización del FEES, la capacidad de tolerar el FEES en posición de 90° vs 60º, la anormalidad en la escala de Langmore y el movimiento anormal de las cuerdas vocales. La complicación registrada en los dos grupos fue la presencia de saturación de pulso < 90%. Conclusión: Este estudio demuestra que la implementación de FEES, como método de detección de trastornos deglutorios (en la cabecera del paciente) se puede aplicar en forma segura.


Introduction: The Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) is a technique that allows the study of the physiology of swallowing. This technique can be applied at the patient's bedside, making it a very attractive choice for the critical care unit (CCU), since it is not necessary to transfer the patient to another place in order to carry out the evaluation. Objective: Feasibility to carry out the FEES at the patient's bedside at the CCU and assess the incidence of swallowing disorders in extubated patients. Materials and Methods: Comparative, prospective, analytical cohort study conducted 24 hours after extubation for a period of 6 months, including consecutively all the patients who received mechanical ventilation for a period ≥ 48 hours. The enrollment began in March, 2015. Results: 31 patients were included in the protocol. The incidence of swallowing disorders in extubated patients who required mechanical ventilation (MV) was 58%, 95% CI [confidence interval] (0.407-0.735) with 18 patients presenting disorders out of 31 evaluated cases. The significant differences between the groups of patients with and without swallowing disorders defined by the FEES were: the post-extubation time until the FEES, the capacity to tolerate the FEES at upright sitting position (90°) vs. semi-upright sitting position (60°), the abnormality of the Langmore scale and the abnormal movement of the vocal cords. The complication registered in both groups was the presence of oxygen saturation < 90%. Conclusion: This study shows that the implementation of the FEES as a method for detecting swallowing disorders (at the patient's bedside) is safe.


Subject(s)
Deglutition Disorders , Airway Extubation
11.
Rev. colomb. anestesiol ; 44(3): 193-200, July-Sep. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: lil-791215

ABSTRACT

Introduction: There are two different pharmacokinetic models (Marsh and Schnider) for the administration of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, the parameter differences could have some impact over the depth of anesthesia. Objective: To determine if there is a significant difference in the variability of depth of anesthesia suggesting that one model is superior in achieving a more stable and predictable depth of anesthesia during surgery. Methods: A cross-over clinical trial was conducted on 16 healthy patients programmed for upper or lower limb ambulatory orthopedic surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to (i) effect site target controlled infusion of propofol with Marsh model at a target concentration of 2.5 μg/ml for 20 min, a 20 min washout, then propofol was administered with Schnider model at the same effect site target for the reminder of the surgery, or (ii) the reverse sequence. Differences in variability of depth of anesthesia, were assessed by comparing records of spectral entropy indices during surgery through an unpaired t-test. Results: There was no evidence of significant difference in the mean variances of either spectral entropy indices between the two models (p-value: 0.57 for State Entropy, p-value: 0.51 for Response Entropy). Conclusion: The study suggests that both pharmacokinetic models are equivalent in terms of stability of depth of anesthesia. It is important to keep testing determinants of the efficacy of the models in different types of population because their behavior according to individual characteristics of patients or variables such as cost-effectiveness could end up tilting the scale.


Introducción: Hay dos modelos farmacocinéticos diferentes para la administración de la anestesia total intravenosa con propofol (Marsh y Schnider), las diferencias entre los parámetros podrían tener algún impacto sobre la profundidad anestésica. Objetivo: Comparar la variabilidad de la profundidad anestésica durante administración de infusión de propofol con los modelos de Marsh y Schnider para determinar si hay diferencias significativas que sugieran que uno de los modelos es superior en lograr una profundidad anestésica más estable y predecible. Métodos: Estudio clínico cruzado, controlado y aleatorizado llevado a cabo en 16 pacientes programados para cirugía ambulatoria de ortopedia. Los pacientes fueron asignados aleatoriamente a i) infusión controlada por objetivo de propofol con el modelo de Marsh a una concentración objetivo en sitio de efecto de 2.5μg/ml durante 20 minutos, 20 minutos de periodo de lavado, seguido de infusión de propofol con modelo de Schnider a la misma concentración objetivo; o ii) la secuencia inversa. La diferencia en variabilidad de profundidad anestésica fue evaluada mediante la comparación de registros de índices de entropía con una prueba t no pareada. Resultados: No se encontró evidencia de diferencias significativas de la varianza media en los índices de entropía espectral asociada a los modelos (valor-p: 0.57 para entropía de estado, valor-p: 0.51 para entropía de respuesta). Conclusión: El estudio sugiere que ambos modelos son equivalentes en términos de estabilidad de profundidad anestésica. Es importante continuar estudiando la eficacia de los modelos en diferentes tipos de población, dado que su comportamiento según características individuales de los pacientes o variables cómo costo-efectividad podrían inclinar la balanza.


Subject(s)
Humans
12.
Rev. am. med. respir ; 15(4): 314-324, dic. 2015. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-842944

ABSTRACT

El neumonólogo de adultos acostumbra a prescribir vacunas. Este documento hecho por expertos en aspectos de la especialidad que involucran vacunar a pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias, perteneciente a la Asociación Argentina de Medicina Respiratoria, resumió la información disponible proponiendo una participación activa en la vacunación contra influenza (VAG), neumococo (VAN), pertusis y zoster. El Ministerio de Salud (MSAL) en Argentina, como el CDC y su comité de consulta sobre inmunización (ACIP) en Estados Unidos, elaboran calendarios y recomendaciones para vacunación. La ACIP recomienda la VAG a mayores de 6 meses sin contraindicaciones; el MSAL a mayores de 65 años y a quienes tengan comorbilidades (incluye enfermedades respiratorias y tabaquismo) o contacto con personas vulnerables. La clásica VAN polisacárida de 23 serotipos es recomendada para adultos con riesgo de enfermedad invasiva, incluyendo a mayores de 65 años, revacunando a los inmunosuprimidos y una única vez a los mayores de 65 que hubieran sido vacunados 5 años antes o más; la ACIP recomienda dar la VAN conjugada de 13 serotipos, más inmunogénica, secuencialmente con la polisacárida de 23, en adultos con factores de riesgo y en mayores de 65 años. Sugerimos usarla en menores de 65 con comorbilidad respiratoria. El neumonólogo debe recordar al menos 2 vacunas más: dar el refuerzo decenal contra difteria y tétanos (DT) en mayores de 18, una vez con vacuna triple acelular (difteria, pertusis y tétanos) protegiendo contra pertusis y reduciendo su transmisión. El herpes zoster produce un rash cutáneo vesicular doloroso. Uno cada 2 mayores de 85 sufrirán al menos un ataque de herpes zoster. La vacuna reduce más del 50% la incidencia y más del 60% la neuralgia post herpética; el ACIP la recomienda en mayores de 60 años. Un gran número de los pacientes con afecciones pulmonares crónicas tienen esa edad.


The pulmonologist uses to prescribe vaccines to adult patients. Experts of the Argentina Association of Respiratory Medicine who are specialists in areas involving vaccination of patients with respiratory diseases prepared this document which summarizes the available information and proposes an active prescription of the infuenza, pneumococcus, pertussis and herpes zoster vaccinations. The Ministry of Health in Argentina as the CDC and its Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) in the USA, made recommendations on vaccination indications and schedules. The ACIP recommends influenza vaccination to persons older than 6 months of age without any contraindication. The Ministry of Health recommends this vaccination to persons over 65 years of age, to those with morbidities (including respiratory diseases and smoking habit) and to persons in contact with high risk people. The classic 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for adults at risk of invasive disease, including persons over 65 years of age. Revaccination is recommended to immunosuppressed patients and persons over 65 years of age at 5-year intervals. The ACIP recommends vaccination with the 13-valent serotypes polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine, which is more immunogenic, sequentially with the 23-valent vaccine in adults with risk factors and over 65 years of age. We suggest this practice in patients under 65 years of age with respiratory morbidities. The pulmonologist must remember at least two other vaccines: a booster vaccination every 10 years of diphtheria and tetanus vaccine to persons over 18 years of age, and once the triple acellular vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus) to protect against pertussis and reduce transmission. Herpes zoster (shingles) causes a painful vesicular rash; 50% of persons over 85 years suffer at least one bout of herpes zoster. The vaccine reduces more than 50% incidence and more than 60% postherpetic neuralgia. This vaccine is recommended by ACIP for persons over 60 years. In this age group there are many patients with chronic lung conditions.


Subject(s)
Pneumococcal Infections , Respiratory Tract Diseases , Vaccines , Pulmonary Medicine , Immunization
13.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 18(2): 515-519, Apr.-Jun. 2015. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-755184

ABSTRACT

Few population-based cohort studies have been established in Dentistry and this is especially true for Latin America. We conducted a population-based prospective study focusing on oral health in Porto Alegre, south Brazil, and herein we describe its methodology and discuss directions for further research. The cohort was established in 2001 using a multistage probability sample of 1,465 toothed and 121 edentulous subjects. A 5-year follow-up was performed in 2006 that included 755 individuals. The main aim of this study was to determine the pattern and risk factors for periodontal disease progression and tooth loss incidence. A full-mouth protocol was used including periodontal assessments at six sites per tooth. Primary outcomes were periodontal attachment loss and tooth loss. Oral mucosal lesions, dental plaque, gingivitis, supragingival calculus, probing depths, gingival recession, and dental caries were also assessed. This is the first population-based cohort study to focus on periodontal disease in Latin America. Findings will contribute to our understanding of the epidemiology of periodontal disease and provide valuable data for the planning and implementation of preventive and therapeutic strategies.

.

Poucos estudos de coorte de base populacional têm sido estabelecidos em Odontologia e isso é especialmente verdade para a América Latina. Nós conduzimos um estudo prospectivo de base populacional focando em saúde bucal em Porto Alegre, sul do Brasil, e aqui descrevemos a metodologia do estudo e discutimos direções futuras da pesquisa. A coorte foi estabelecida em 2001 utilizando uma amostra probabilística múltiplo-estágio de 1.465 dentados e 121 desdentados. Um acompanhamento de 5 anos foi realizado em 2006 e incluiu 755 indivíduos. Os objetivos principais do estudo foram determinar o padrão e os fatores de risco para progressão de doença periodontal e incidência de perda dentária. Um protocolo de exame de boca completa foi utilizado, incluindo registros periodontais em 6 sítios por dente. Os desfechos primários foram perda de inserção periodontal e perda dentária. Lesões de mucosa bucal, placa visível, gengivite, cálculo supragengival, profundidade de sondagem, recessão gengival e cárie dentária também foram acessados. Este é o primeiro estudo de coorte de base populacional a focar em doença periodontal na América Latina. Os achados deste estudo contribuirão para o entendimento da epidemiologia da doença periodontal e fornecerão dados valiosos para planejamento e implementação de estratégias preventivas e terapêuticas.

.


Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Oral Health , Brazil/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Cohort Studies , Follow-Up Studies
14.
Rev. colomb. anestesiol ; 43(2): 160-162, Apr.-June 2015.
Article in English | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: lil-749501

ABSTRACT

The mechanism of barotrauma and volutrauma has been described since the 70s in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome receiving high tidal volume ventilation (10-15 ml/kg ideal body weight). This led to the development of controlled clinical trials in an attempt to determine the ideal tidal volume. Different forms of mechanical ventilation were proposed in the 90s using tidal volumes ranging between 3-12 ml/kg of the estimated weight. However, it was only in 2000 when the ARMA study published by the ARDS Network provided recommendations for low-volume mechanical ventilation (6 ml/kg) and airway plateau pressures under 30 cm H2O, leading to a significant reduction in mortality, from 40% down to 31% in patients with ARDS. Since then, the protective ventilation strategy has been broadened to include other types of patients, including those taken to elective surgery, although not taking into consideration the large difference in the pathophysiology of ventilation between diseased and healthy lungs, or the different consequences. Despite this, some clinical trials have found the benefit of low tidal volume ventilation in terms of pulmonary infection and, mortality outcomes. However, other studies like ours have shown an increase in 30-day mortality.


Subject(s)
Humans
15.
Rev. nefrol. diál. traspl ; 34(3): 68-71, sept. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-749994

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La asociación de colistín e injuria renal aguda ha mostrado resultados muy diversos en diferentes estudios desde la reintroducción de esta droga en la práctica habitual. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo y observacional de pacientes que recibieron tratamiento con colistín por al menos 48 horas en una Unidad de Cuidados Críticos (UCI). Resultados: Ingresaron al estudio 104 pacientes, de los cuales 47% (49) desarrollaron injuria renal aguda asociada a colistín (IRA-C). Estos pacientes fueron agrupados según la clasificación RIFLE en: pacientes con Riesgo (10); pacientes con Injuria (13); pacientes con Falla renal (26). Requirieron hemodiálisis 6 pacientes. El score de Charlson y la presencia de shock se asociaron al desarrollo de IRA-C. No se asociaron al desarrollo de IRA-C la edad, APACHE, creatininemia basal, ni dosis acumulada de colistín. La IRA-C se asoció a mayor mortalidad intrahospitalaria (p=0.003). Conclusión: La IRA-C es una entidad frecuente, y que se asocia a mayor mortalidad intrahospitalaria. La implementación de estrategias de nefroprotección en pacientes que reciban colistín, y el desarrollo de nuevos antibióticos con menor toxicidad, podrán mejorar la evolución de estos pacientes.


Background: The association of colistin and acute kidney injury has shown different results in several studies since the reintroduction of this drug in the common practice. Methods: A prospective and observational study of patients that received treatment with colistin for at least 48 hours in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) was performed. Results: 104 patients participated in the study, of which 47 % (49) developed acute kidney injury associated to colistin (AKI-C). These patients were grouped according to the RIFLE classification: patients with Risk (10); patients with Injury (13); patients with kidney Failure (26). 6 patients required hemodialysis. The Charlson'™s score and the presence of shock were associated to the development of AKI-C. Neither age, APACHE, basal serum creatinine nor accumulated doses of colestin were associated to the development of AKI-C. The AKI-C was associated to a greater in-hospital mortality (p=0.003). Conclusion: The AKI-C is a frequent condition and its associated to a greater in-hospital mortality. The implementation of nephroprotection strategies in patients that receive colestin and the development of new antibiotics with less toxicity could improve the evolution of these patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Colistin , Critical Care , Acute Kidney Injury
16.
Med. intensiva ; 26(1): 26-32, 2009. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-551862

ABSTRACT

Los tubos endotraqueales (TET) utilizados para la provisión de ventilación mecánica (VM) agregan una resistencia adicional a la propia de la vía aérea. Ello puede resultar un factor relevante durante el proceso de destete de la VM. No ha sido comunicada la evaluación de la modificación de la resistencia de los TET mediante técnica de oscilación forzada (FOT) luego de su uso en VM. Objetivos. Cuantificar la resistencias en los TET sin uso y una vez retirados luego de ser utilizados para ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticos; evaluar la correlación de sus modificaciones con el tiempo de uso. Métodos. Determinación "basal" de la resistencia de los TET sin uso mediante FOT, sin otro flujo que el generado por el parlante. Medición con la misma técnica de las resistencias de 40 tubos post-extubación inmediata, durante un periodo de 4 meses. Resultados. Se evaluaron tubos de 7.5 a 9 mm de diámetro, con un tiempo de VM de 49(27-127) horas (mediana y 1-3 cuartillo). La resistencia en los TET usados fue mayor que la medida en los TET sin uso (1,98+-0,41 versus 1,51+-0,22 cmH2O.s.L.-1. La media del incremento en las resistencias fue 31,2+-20,3% (p<0.001). Las resistencias de los TET usados fueron similares a las de los TET nuevos de un 1mm de diámetro menor. No se encontró correlación entre tiempo de intubación e incremento de la resistencia en los TET. Concluciones. Se observa un incremento de las resistencias de los TET tras su uso en VM, respecto de los TET nuevos del mismo diámetro. El aumento es de magnitud tal que los TET utilizados en VM presentan resistencias similares a las de TET sin uso de diámetro de 1mm menor. Este hallazgo debe ser tenido en cuenta al momento de realizar las pruebas de ventilación espontánea para el destete de VM, ya que el incremento del trabajo respiratorio relacionado con la vía aérea artificial sería mayor al esperado para el diámetro del TET utilizado.


Subject(s)
Humans , Airway Resistance , Intubation, Intratracheal/adverse effects , Intubation, Intratracheal/instrumentation , Oscillometry/methods , Ventilator Weaning , Argentina , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Equipment Reuse
17.
Rev. am. med. respir ; 8(4): 133-139, dic. 2008. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-534950

ABSTRACT

Los tubos endotraqueales (TET) utilizados para la provisión de ventilación mecánica (VM) agregan una resistencia adicional a la propia de la vía aérea. Ello puede resultar un factor relevante durante el proceso de destete de la VM. No ha sido comunicada la evaluación de la modificación de la resistencia de los TET mediante la Técnica de Oscilación Forzada (FOT) luego de su uso en VM. Objetivos: cuantificar las resistencias en los TET sin uso y una vez retirados luego de ser utilizados para ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticos; evaluar la correlación de sus modificaciones con el tiempo de uso. Métodos: determinación "basal" de la resistencia de los TET sin uso mediante FOT, sin otro flujo que el generado por el parlante. Medición con la misma técnica de las resistencias de 40 tubos post-extubación inmediata, durante un periodo de 4 meses. Resultados: se evaluaron tubos de 7.5 a 9 mm de diámetro, con un tiempo de VM de 49 (27 -127) horas (mediana y 1-3 cuartillo). La resistencia en los TET usados fue mayor que la medida en los TET sin uso (1,98±0,41 versus 1,51±0,22 cmH2O.s.L-¹). La media del incremento en las resistencias fue 31,2±20,3% (p<0,001). Las resistencias de los TET usados fueron similares a las de los TET nuevos de un 1mm de diámetro menor. No se encontró correlación entre tiempo de intubación e incremento de la resistencia en los TET. Conclusiones: se observa un incremento de las resistencias de los TET tras su uso en VM, respecto de los TET nuevos del mismo diámetro. El aumento es de magnitud tal que los TET utilizados en VM presentan resistencias similares a las de TET sin uso de diámetro 1 mm menor. Este hallazgo debe ser tenido en cuenta al momento de realizar las pruebas de ventilación espontánea para el destete de VM, ya que el incremento del trabajo respiratorio relacionado con la vía aérea artificial sería mayor al esperado para el diámetro del TET utilizado.


The endotracheal tubes (ETT) used for mechanical ventilation are an additional resistance to the normal airflow. This may be a relevant factor in the process of mechanical ventilation weaning. There have been no reports about the assessment through the Forced Oscillation Technique (FOT) of changes in the resistance to the air flow after the use of ETT for mechanical ventilation. Objectives: To quantify the resistance to air flow of new ETT before use and after use for mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients; to determine the correlation between changes in resistance with the time of use of the ETT. Methods: Determination of the baseline resistance of new ETT before use through the Forced Oscillation Technique, without any other flow than that generated by the loudspeaker. Measurement with the same technique of the resistance of 40 ETT after use over a period of four months. Results: Tubes with a diameter ranging from 7.5 to 9 mm were evaluated after having been used in mechanical ventilation for 49 (27-127) horas (median and1-3 quartil). The resistance of the used ETT was greater than that of the new, unused tubes (1.98± 0.41 versus 1.51± 0.22 cmH2O.s.L-¹). The average increase in resistance was 31.2%:± 20.3% (p < 0.001). The resistance measured in the used ETT was similar to that of new ETT having smaller diameters measuring 1 mm less. The correlation between intubation period and increasing resistance by ETT was not significant. Conclusions: ETT used in mechanical ventilation present a greater resistance to the air flow than the new, unused ETT of the same diameter. The increase in resistance of used ETT is similar to the resistance of new ETT measuring 1 mm less in diameter. This finding should be taken into account when spontaneous ventilation is tested at the moment of weaning mechanical ventilation, since the respiratory work related to the artificial airway would be greater than the expected respiratory work on the basis of the diameter...


Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy , Intubation, Intratracheal/adverse effects , Intubation, Intratracheal/instrumentation , Respiration, Artificial/instrumentation , Intensive Care Units , Respiratory Mechanics , Respiration, Artificial/methods , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Ventilator Weaning
19.
La Paz; MDH; abr. 1995. 21 p.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-323155

ABSTRACT

El objetivo del documento es presentar la propuesta educativa del proceso de Educación Permanente pretende incorporarse estratégicamente al cambio estructural de la Secretaria Nacional de Salud,en el marco de las actuales políticas de salud,que enfatiza:el ejercicio del derecho a la salud,la transformación y desarollo sostenible del sistema de salud(descentralización),la participación popular como motor de cambio,con el proposito de mejorar y optimizar la prestación de servicios a la comunidad y mejorar el nivel de salud de la población,tomando en cuenta a esta como sujeto mismo de su propio cambio.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Health Education/methods , Health Education/standards , Health Education/organization & administration , Education , Bolivia
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